Steps
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find a patch URL
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check the module page on the drupal website, people usually provide those in issues over there
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add cweagans/composer-patches
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in root -> require: "cweagans/composer-patches": "^1.7"
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in root -> config -> allow-plugins: "cweagans/composer-patches": true
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add the patch to composer.json -> extra -> patches
Example
"extra": {"patches": {"drupal/core": {"Fix for disabled text formats not displaying in GUI": "https://www.drupal.org/files/issues/2022-12-09/2502637_110.patch"}}}
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composer install
Notes
If for whatever reason Composer refuses to apply the patch, delete the package folder and try again.